THE SPIRITUAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE WHEEL OF THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE AND HIS SCHOLARLY WORKS

THE SPIRITUAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE WHEEL OF THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE AND HIS SCHOLARLY WORKS

A.    Bukhari Sokoto

Sultan Muhammad Bello

The Son of Sheikh Usman Bin Fodiyo, Muhammadu Bello was born on Wednesday in the Eleventh Month of Hijrah 1195 A.H. Equivalent to December 1780 A.D. Muhammadu Bello had his early Education under his Father, his uncle Malam Abdullahi B. Fodiyo his elder brother Muhammadu Sa’ad. He also received his early Education from his mother and his grandmother.

            Muhammadu Bello was the closest Son to his father. This gave him a great opportunity, to know him better than all Shehu’s children also afforded him the right of knowing much about his father and beneficiary from him more than any of his brothers and sisters. Besides the Religious skill he acquired, he also gained politically the favour of his father, who gave him the mandate to hold a meeting with the leaders of the Eastern Part which he later handed over to him.

            He was a great warrior and also a scholar who devote all his life to pursuit of knowledge despite his military commitments. He was described as having being a man who would fight all day and then devote the night to study and writing. He also distinguished himself in medicine on which he wrote several works. He was literary figure second only to his uncle Malam Abdullahi. After the death of his father, he succeeded the throne as Amirul Mumina though some Ulamas revolted against him, but he was able to arise and crushed the rebellion within a short time.

            Muhammadu Bello was very good administrator and he directed his Emirs to be all good governance and governed according to Islamic injunctions. He first established Bait-Al Mal (Muslim Treasury), paid the salary of the Army, he purchased weapon and horses, and paid the cost of maintaining the cavalry. He built courts and paid the judges the Imam and Mu’azzin also received allowances, in fact he was one of the best leader ever witnessed in the Western Sudan.

Sultan Mohammadu Bello also built Sokoto town and settled there as his own new capital in the year 1224 A.H., 1809 A.D. the old city ends at Yar Katanga by the West after five years and some months. Mohammadu Bello invited his father to witnessed his new capital and bless it. On arrival of his father by the year 1815 Mohammadu Bello expanded the Town by the West, he demolished Yar Katanga the city fence by the West and built a mosque and house to his father at Sabon Birni. The present location his mosque and Hubbare are his house and where he was buried.  Sultan Muhammadu Bello died at Wurno after a long illness of about seven months, on Thursday’s evening 23 Rajab A.H. Equivalent to 26 October 1837 A.D., at the age 58years at Wurmo the town he founded to the North East of Sokoto, his new Capital of the Caliphate.

LIST OF MUHAMMADU BELLO SCHOLARLY WORKS

ALIFUN

1.   Ad- Duraruz Zaahiriyyah Fi Auraadil Qaadiriyyah

2.   Al- Fawaa’idul Mujmilaty

3.   Al-Kaafi Fi Ilmil Jafri Wal Khawaafi

4.   Al-Khidaaba Ilal Bukaa’i

5.   Al-Budurul Musfirah

6.   Al-Awaamilul Nahawiyyah

7.   As-Baabul Nasri Lil Mujaahidina

8.   Al-Qaulul Mauhubu Fi Ajwibati As’ilati Al’amini Ya’aquba

9.   Al-Bahas Fi Ismil Lahil A’azami

10.        Al-Insafu Fi Zikri Maa Fii Masaa’ilil Khilafi

11.        Al-Qaulul Mansuni

12.        Al-Qaulus Sanaa Fit Tamashiy Bis Sanaa

13.        Al-Qaulul Man’uti

14.        Al-Ishaa’ati Fii Hukmi Khaarijiina Anit Taa’aty

15.        Al- Nasiihatul Wadii’ati

16.        At-Turjumaanu An Kaifiyyati Wa’azi Sheikh

17.        An-Nasaa’ihu Wat- Tanbiihaatu

18.        Al-Qaulul Mukhtasarii Fii Amril Imaami Mahdi

19.        At-Tibun Nabawi

20.        Al-Kaukabud Duriyyah Fii Zikri Ba’adi Musdahatis Sufiyyah

21.        Annuqulun Nawaadhiqu Fii Sha’anil Bariiri Wat Dawaaziqu

22.        Al-Qaulul Marham

23.        Al-Qaulul  Mabdhul

24.        An-Nuquulan Nawatiqin Fi Sha’anil Barbar Wat Tawariq

25.        Annasihatu Bit Tarqibi Maa Yajib Alaa A’ammatil Ummah

26.        Al-Gaithus Su’ubuubu Fi Tausiyatil Amiiri Ya’aqubu

27.        Amlaakum A’amaali

28.        Aslul Zaadi

29.         Aslul Fullaatina

30.        A’amalu Yaumin Wa Lailatin

31.        Al-Badrul Lami’I Fii Auraadij Jaami’i

32.        Al-Badrul Yamaniy Fii Akhbarii Uwaisul Qarni

33.        Al-I’iilam Bimaa Yajib Alal Imami

34.        Al-I’irab

35.        Ar-Ragabatu

36.        Ar-Ribaadu Wal Hiraasa

37.        At-Tahriiru Fi Fawaa’iidit Tabsiri

38.        As-Saiful  Maslul Fi Ahkamil Gululi

39.        At-Tanbihaatul Waadhiitu

40.        At-Tibul Hayyni

41.        At-Tarhiibu Fii Salaatit Tasbihiy

42.        Al-Qaulul Muhibbu Fi Jam’in Nuquli

43.        Al-Mawaridun Nabawiyyati Fil Masaa’ilit Dhibbiyyati

44.        Ishaaratun Wa I’ilamun Ba’adil Umuuri

45.        Infaaqul Maisuuri Fi Zikri Bilaadit Tukrur

46.        Usulus Siyaasati

47.        Ifaadatul  Ikhwaani

BAA’UN

48.        Bayaanul Arkaani Wash Shurudi Lit Dhariqatus Sufiyyah

TAA’UN

49.        Tabligus Saami’I Fii Ahkaami Sukuudi Saqfil Jamil

50.        Takhmisu Burdatul Madihi

51.        Tanbihul Ikhwaani Alaa Ahkaamil Amaani

52.        Tanbihur Raaqidi

53.        Takhmiisu Baanat Su’aadu

54.        Tanbihus Saahibi Alaa Ahkaamil Mukaasib

55.        Tanbihu Ahlil Uquli

56.        Tanbiihaatul Waadihati

57.        Tawqiful Jahuuli Alaa Anwa’i Mufaasidil Gululi

58.        Tanbihu Ahlil Fuhuumi

59.        Tanbihul Jamaati Ala Ahkaamis Shafaa’ati

60.        Tamhidul Imaadi Fii Maa Zaada Anil Umdatil Ibadi

61.        Talkhisul Maqasidul Mujarradati Fil Adwiyatil Fariidati

62.        Tanbihur Rawid

63.        Tanbihul Ifhaami Alaa Annan Nabiy Huwal Khaatim

64.        Takhmisi Hizbil Bahr

65.        Tanbiihu Ahlil Uquli Alaa Ijtaabil Khauli Fi Anwaa’i Fuduli

66.        Ta’aliqun Wajiizun Alaa Manzumina Allazii Rassamnaahu Bi Silki

     Jumaalid Durri (Sufism)

67.        Taqribu Masaa’ilul Bai’i

68.        Tanbihul Ikhwaani Alaa Adwidatid Didaani

69.        Tahriimi Guluuli

70.        Takhmiisul Qasidatul Qadiriyyati Li Ammihi Abdullahi

71.        Tanbihul Gaafili Alat Tawassuli Bi A’azamil Wasaa’ili

72.        Ta’aliiqun Wajizun Fi Sharhi Qasidatit Dhibbiyati Li

73.        Tafsiilit Dhu;umi

74.        Tahqiqul Mur’ibin

JIMUN

75.        Jalaa’us Suduuri

76.        Jalaa’us Samami

77.        Jamaa’atus Sheikh 

78.        Jam’un Nuquli Fii Ahkaamil Guluuli

79.        Jawabun Lis Sayyidi Ahmad Bin Hamma Labbo

80.        Jamalun Munabbihah Fihaa Al Ishaara Muwaqqizah

81.        Jamalun Min Al Manani Masaa’i Li Muhammad Al-Jailaani 

82.        Jawaabun Shaafin Wa Khudabun

HAA’UN

83.        Hilyatul Basaa’iri Fil Ahkamil Laazimati. Lil Musaafiri

84.        Hisbus Shakwaa Kubraa

85.        Hisbus Shakwaa Wusdhaa

86.        Hisbus Shakwaa Sugraa

87.        Hizbul Amaani Min Sadawatiz Zamaani (Supplications)

KHA’UN

88.        Khulaasatul Maqsuudi

89.        Khabrul Mahdi Musta’aadu Ahaadiisi Rasulul Lahi

ZAALUN

90.        Zikru Man Yu-Sallilaahu Alaihi Wal Mala’iikatuhu

91.        Zikrul Mujaahidin Alaa Ra’asi Kulli Mi’a

92.        Zikrul Mujaddidin

RAA’UN

93.        Raf’ul Ishtibaahi

94.        Raf’us Shubhaati Fit Ta’alluqi Billaahi Wa bi Ahlil Laahi

95.        Risaalatun Lil Amraadi Shafiyah

96.        Risaalatun Ilaa Jamaa’atil Muslimina

97.        Raf’us Shubhati Fit Tashabbuhi Bil Kufrati Waz Zulumati

98.        Risaalatun Ilal Muhammad Al-Mukhtar

99.        Risaalatu Ilal A’alim Adam Waa Jama’atihi

SIINUN

100.     Sardul Kalaami

101.     Silatir Rahim

102.     Su’alul An Ujiratil Qa’sim

SHIINUN

103.     Shamsuz Zaahiraty

104.     Sharhus Sadri Fii Jinaayatir Raqiqi

105.     Shifaa’ul Asqaami Fi Ma’arifati Madaariki Ahkaam

106.     Sharhus Sadri Fii Tahriiri Jawaabi

107.     Sharhu Jazbul Bahri

108.     Sharhul Waaridil Jaami’i Li Nuril Ihtidaa’i Wal Iqtida’i

109.     Sharhul Bidmaasi

110.     Sha’anil Qutb

DWADUN

111.     Diyaa’ul Uquuli Fit Tahziri Anil Guluuli

112.     Diyaa’ul Uquli Fii Bayani Gilazi

113.     Dibbul Hayyini

DHA’UN

114.     Dhaatul Khalaa’iqi Bi Makaarimil Akhlaqi

115.     Dha’atul Khaallaqi

AI’NUN

116.     Ujalatur Raakibi Fit Tibbis Saa’ibi

117.     Ujratul Qasimy

118.     Ilmul Jumalin Nahwiyyah

GAY’NUN

119.     Gayatus Su’uli Fi Tafaasirir Rasuuli

FAA’UN

120.     Faa’idatul Jinni

121.     Fathul Baabi Fi Zikri Ba’adi Qasaa’idi

122.     Fathul Iglaqi Fi Ma’anal Hadis Bu’ithtu Li Utmima Makaarimal

     Akhlaaqi

123.     Fardul Ahbab

124.     Fawaa’idun Muhmilatun Fil Birri Was Silati

125.     Fathul Mu’allaq Fii Ilmil Mandhiq

QAA’FUN

126.     Qasiidatu Yaa Nafsi Waihaki

127.     Qasiidatun Fi Zikril Muhsab

128.     Qidhu Zinadi Fi Amri Haazal Jihaadi

129.     Qaulul Mansuuri Fi Bayaani Adiwaayati Illatil Baasuuri

130.     Qasiidatu Muhammad Bello Fii Zikril Mauti

131.     Qasidaraani Li Muhammadu Bello Ilaa Ahli Kanta

132.     Qawaa’idus Salaty

133.     Qasiidatun Fii Madhis Sa’ad

134.     Qasidatun Fi Madhis Sayyidal Mukhtar

135.     Qasiidatut Tawassul B. Khairir Rasul

KAAFUN

136.     Kafful Ikhwaani Ittiba’i Khudwaatis Shaidaani

137.     Kashful Gidaa’i

138.     Kashful Qinaa’i Wal Astaari

139.     Kashful Gida’i Was Sitri Fii Muwaalati Alkuffaari

140.     Kashful Kaafi Min Ahbaari Al-Imamul Mahdi

141.     Kitabul Fitani Al-Muttasila Bil Mahdi

142.     Kitabun Fii Sha’anil Idaahi

143.     Kitabun Fii Fadli Al-Fatihah

144.     Kitabun Nasriyyina

145.     Kitabul Adaabi

146.     Kitabuz Zikiraa

147.     Kifaayatul Muhtadina Fii Ahkaami Al-Muhallafiyah Min

Al-Mujahidina

148.     Kitabun Niyyaat

149.     Kitaabu Gaisus Shu’ububi Fii Wasiyatil Amiiri Ya’aqub

150.     Kitaabul Gaisil Wabli Fii Siiratil Imaamil Aadili

151.     Kitaabul Mir’aatil Qalbi Fii Ma’arifatir Rabbi

152.     Kitaabu Attahriiru Fii Qawaa’idi Tabsiiri

153.     Kitaabu Tamhiidil Imaadi Fii Maa Zaada Alaa Umdatil Ibaadi

154.     Kitaabu Turjumaani Ala Ilmit Tabsiiri

155.     Kitabul Kaafi Fi Ilmay Al-Jafri Wal Khawaafiy

156.     Kifaayatul Muriidi Minas Shaidaanil Muriidi

157.     Kitaabul Ma’alumi Fiimaa Yajibu Alal Imaami

158.     Kafful Ikhwaani Anit Ta’arrudhi Li Ahlil Lahi 

159.     Kitabu  Jawab Abdul Faqir

160.     Kitabun Nasaa’in Wa Tambiihat Alaa Magaasida Muhammad

161.     Kitaabun Nasrayn Fii Man Balaga Min Sinnil Arba’in

162.     Kitabun Nusuhin Kafin Wa Bil Maqaasid Waafin

163.     Kitaabun Tahrir Fi Qawa’idit Tabsir

164.     Kitabu Tanbihij Jama’a Alaa Ahkaamis Sa’ah

165.     Kitab Tanbihil Ifhaami Alal Mahdi Alaihis Salam

MIIMUN

166.     Madaarijis Salaami

167.     Maa Qila Fii Abnaa’i Sittina

168.     Manzun Addurru

169.     Marsiiyatu Ammihi Abdullahi

170.     Masaa’ilul Muhimma Wa Fawa’idun Aziima

171.     Masaa’ilul Muhimmah

172.     Masuugul Lujaini An Dhibbil Aini

173.     Miftaahul Basaa’iri

174.     Miftaahus Sidaadi Fi Zikri Auliyaa’ul Khawas

175.     Miftaahus Sidaadi Fii Aqsaami Ahli Hazil Bilaadi

176.     Majmuu’ul Ansaabi

177.     Magaamaatus Tasawwufi

178.     Miftahus Sidaadi Fil Auliyaa’i Wal Arba’atil Autadi

179.     Mahsuulu Fi Jumlati Masaa’ilil Fululi

180.     Masa’ailul Jihaadi

181.     Manzumu Fii Sha’anil Qudubi

182.     Masaa’ilul Najmu Zuhri FI Hafri

NUUNUN

183.     Nailul Muraami Anish Shaimil Kiraam

184.     Nabzatun Min Kutubir Raqaa’iqi

185.     Nas’hun Kaafun Wal Amraadi Shaafy

186.     Nuurul Fajri Fil Ayyamil Ma’aluumaati Wa Layaalil Ashry

187.     Nushu Kaafin Wa Bil Maqsuudi Waafin

188.     Nailur Raqa’ibi Fi Silsilatil Qudbi

189.     Nubza

WAAWUN

190.     Wasiiqatul Amiiril Muumiina Ilaa Akhihi Abi Bakar Atiq Wa

     Jama’atul 

     Muslimiina Fii Bakura

191.     Wasiiqatun Ilaa Shaihi Khamid Ahmad Fii Amril Mahdi

192.     Wasiqatu Amiril Muumiinina Muhammadu Bello Ilaa Jama’atil

     Muslimina

193.     Wurdul Jaami Li Nuril Ihtidaa Wal Iqtidah

Besides these works Sheikh Muhammadu Bello also wrote a lot of Poems both in Fulfilde and House Languages including those translated, which according some are more than 200 hundred. On his notes on the  occasion of his first meeting with Sultan Bello on 17^th March 1824, Clapperton described Sultan Bello as noble looking man forty years old, although much  younger in appearance, five feet ten inches high portly in person, with a short curling black beard, a small mouse, a fine fore-head a Greecian nose and large black eyes. He was dressed in a light blue cotton robe with a white Muslim turban, the shawl of which he wore over the nose and mouth in the Tuaricke fashion. May Almighty Allah Continue to bless their efforts, May He also Grant Him Al-Jannatul Firdausi. Ameen

REFERENCES

A.    Alhaji (2007) The Fallen African Heroes. Sokoto But-Bass Educational Books (B.E.B).

A.    M.SS/1 Waziri Junaidu History Bureau Sokoto

A.    M.SS/2 Waziri Junaidu History Bureau Sokoto

A.    M.SS/3 Waziri Junaidu History Bureau Sokoto

M.O.E. (1981) Great Lives. Ibadan: University Press Limited

H.A.S. Johnson (1967) The Fulani Empire of Sokoto.

Abubakar S. (Unpublished PhD Thesis) Sokoto Caliphate A.B.U. Zaria.

Offprint Journal: Institute of Muslim Minority affairs S.U Balogun paper title: Arabic interlectualism In West Africa. The role of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Sky high Journal (2003) An article titled The Sokoto Caliphate

A.S. Malami (OFR) (1989) Sir Saddiq Abubakar III 17^th Sultan of Sokoto.

Ibadan Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers Ltd).